Estimating causal effects from epidemiological data
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Estimating causal effects from epidemiological data.
In ideal randomised experiments, association is causation: association measures can be interpreted as effect measures because randomisation ensures that the exposed and the unexposed are exchangeable. On the other hand, in observational studies, association is not generally causation: association measures cannot be interpreted as effect measures because the exposed and the unexposed are not gen...
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Causal calculus is a tool to express causal effects in the terms of observational probability distributions. The application of causal calculus in the non-parametric form requires only the knowledge of the causal structure. However, some kind of explicit modeling is needed when numeric estimates of the causal effect are to be calculated. In this paper, the estimation of complicated nonlinear ca...
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The aim of many analyses of large databases is to draw causal inferences about the effects of actions, treatments, or interventions. Examples include the effects of various options available to a physician for treating a particular patient, the relative efficacies of various health care providers, and the consequences of implementing a new national health care policy. A complication of using la...
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Randomized control trials have long been considered the gold standard for establishing causal treatment effects. Can causal effects be reasonably estimated from observational data too? In observational studies, you observe treatment T and outcome Y without controlling confounding variables that might explain the observed associations between T and Y. Estimating the causal effect of the treatmen...
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Although one goal of aetiologic epidemiology is to estimate 'the true effect' of an exposure on disease occurrence, epidemio-logists usually do not precisely specify what 'true effect' they want to estimate. We describe how the counterfactual theory of causation, originally developed in philosophy and statistics, can be adapted to epidemiological studies to provide precise answers to the questi...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
سال: 2006
ISSN: 0143-005X
DOI: 10.1136/jech.2004.029496